Things should be looking pretty familiar by now. The new stuff has to do with the serial monitor: In setup, look for Serial.begin(9600); which tells the Arduino to start communicating via text, at 9600 baud. The baud rate controls how much information is sent per second.
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Arduino Overriding Baud Rate
| Teensyduino provides a Serial object which is compatible with theSerial object on standard Arduino boards. Usually Serial is usedto print information to the Arduino IDE Serial Monitor.Unlike a standard Arduino, the Teensy Serial object always communicatesat 12 Mbit/sec USB speed. Many computes, especially older Macs, can notupdate the serial monitor window if there is no delay to limit the speed!In this example, 'Hello World..' is printed once per second. The Teensy does not actually become a serial device until your sketch is running,so you must select the serial port (Tools -> Serial Port menu) afteryour sketch begins. Standard Serial FunctionsAll of the standard Serial functions are supported.Serial.begin()Initialize the Serial object. The baud rate is ignored and communicationalways occurs at full USB speed.Serial.print() and Serial.println()Print a number or string. Serial.print() prints only the number or string, andSerial.println() prints it with a newline character.On a standard Arduino, this function waits while the data is transmitted. With Teensyduino,Serial.print() and Serial.println() typically return quickly when the message fits within theUSB buffers. See Transmit Buffering below.Serial.write()Transmit a byte. You can also use Serial.write(buffer, length) to send more thanone byte at a time, for very fast and efficient data transmission.Serial.available()Returns the number of received bytes available to read, or zero if nothing has been received.On a standard Arduino, Serial.available() tends to report individual bytes, whereaslarge blocks can become instantly available with Teensyduino.See Receive Buffering below for details. Usually the return value from Serial.available() should be tested as a boolean, eitherthere is or is not data available. Only the bytes available from the most recentlyreceived USB packet are visible. SeeInefficient Single Byte USB Packets below for details. Serial.read()Read 1 byte (0 to 255), if available, or -1 if nothing available. Normally Serial.read()is used after Serial.available(). For example:Serial.flush()Wait for any transmitted data still in buffers to actually transmit. If no data is waiting in a buffer to transmit, flush() returns immediately.Arduino 0022 & 0023: flush() discards any received data that has not been read. Teensy USB Serial ExtensionsTeensyduino provides extensions to the standard Arduino Serial object, soyou can access USB-specific features.Serial.send_now()Transmit any buffered data as soon as possible.See Transmit Buffering below.Serial.dtr()Read the DTR signal state. By default, DTR is low when no software hasthe serial device open, and it goes high when a program opens the port.Some programs override this behavior, but for normal software you can useDTR to know when a program is using the serial port.On a standard Arduino, the DTR and RTS signals are present on pins of theFTDI chip, but they are not connected to anything. You can solderwires between I/O pins and the FTDI chip if you need these signals.Serial.rts()Read the RTS signal state. USB includes flow control automatically,so you do not need to read this bit to know if the PC is ready to receiveyour data. No matter how fast you transmit, USB always manages buffersso all data is delivered reliably. However, you can cause excessive CPUusage by the receiving program is a GUI-based java applicationlike the Arduino serial monitior!For programs that use RTS to signal some useful information, you can readit with this function. Autopano giga 4 download. Serial.baud()Read the baud rate setting from the PC or Mac. Communication is alwaysperformed at full USB speed. The baud rate is useful if you intend tomake a USB to serial bridge, where you need to know what speed the PCintends the serial communication to use.Serial.stopbits()Read the stop bits setting from the PC or Mac. USB never uses stopbits.Serial.paritytype()Read the parity type setting from the PC or Mac. USB uses CRC checkingon all bulk mode data packets and automatically retransmits corrupteddata, so parity bits are never used.Serial.numbits()Read the number of bits setting from the PC or Mac. USB always communicates8 bit bytes.USB Buffering and Timing DetailsUsually the Serial object is used to transmit and receive data withoutworrying about the finer timing details. It 'just works' in most cases.But sometimes communication timing details are important, particularlytransmitting to the PC.Transmit BufferingOn a standard Arduino, when you transmit with Serial.print(), the bytesare transmitted slowly by the on-chip UART to a FTDI USB-serial converterchip. The UART buffers 2 bytes, so Serial.print() will return when allbut the last 2 bytes have been sent to the FTDI converter chip, which inturn stores the bytes into its own USB buffer.On a Teensy, Serial.print() writes directly into the USB buffer. Ifyour entire message fits within the buffer, Serial.print() returns toyour sketch very quickly. Both Teensyduino and the FTDI chip hold a partially filled bufferin case you want to transmit more data. After a brief timeout, usually8 or 16 ms on FTDI and 3 ms in Teensyduino, the partially filled bufferis scheduled to transmit on the USB. The FTDI chip can be made to immediately schedule a partially filledbuffer by toggling any of the handshake lines (which are not connectedon a standard Arduino board). It can also be configured (by the PCdevice driver) to schedule when an 'event character' is received.Normally it is difficult to control when the FTDI chip schedules itspartially filled transmit buffer. Generals zero hour win 10 fix. Teensyduino immediately schedules any partially filled buffer to transmitwhen the Serial.send_now() function is called. All USB bandwidth is managed by the host controller chip in your PC orMac. When a full or partially filled buffer is ready to transmit, itactual transmission occurs when the hostcontroller allows. Usually this host controller chip requests anyscheduled transfers 1000 times per second, so typically actual transmissionoccurs within 0 to 1 ms after the buffer is scheduled to transmit. Ifother devices are using a lot of USB bandwidth, priority is given to'interrupt' (keyboard, mouse, etc) and 'isychronous' (video, audio, etc)type transfers. When the host controller receives the data, the operating system thenschedules the receiving program to run. On Linux, serial ports openedwith the 'low latency' option are awakened quickly, others usually waituntil a normal 'tick' to run. Windows and MacOS likely add processscheduling delays. Complex runtime environments (eg, Java) can alsoadd substantial delay. Receive BufferingWhen the PC transmits, usually the host controller will send at leastthe first USB packet within the next 1ms. Both Teensyduino and theFTDI chip on Arduino receive a full USB packet (and verify its CRC check). TheFTDI chip then sends the data to a standard Arduino via slow serial.A sketch repetitively calling Serial.available() and Serial.read() willtend to see each byte, then many calls to Serial.availble() will returnfalse until the next byte arrives via the serial communication.On aTeensy, the entire packet, up to 64 bytes, becomes available all at once.Sketches that do other work while receiving data might depend onslow reception behavior, where successive calls to Serial.available()are very unlikely to return true. On a Teensy receiving large amountsof data, it may be necessary to add a variable to count the number ofbytes processed and limit the delay before other important work mustbe done.Inefficient Single Byte USB PacketsWhen transmitting, Serial.write() and Serial.print() group bytes from successivewrites together into USB packets, to make best possible use of USB bandwidth. Youcan override this behavior using Serial.send_now(), but by default multiple writesare merged to form packets.Microsoft Windows and Linux unfortunately do NOT provide a similar function whentransmitting data. If an application writes inefficiently, such as a single byteat a time, each byte is sent in a single USB packet (which could have held 64 bytes).While this makes poor use of USB bandwidth, a larger concern is how this affectsbuffering as seen by Serial.available(). The USB hardware present in Teensy can buffer 2 USB packets. Serial.available()reports the number of bytes that are unread from the first packet only. If thepacket contains only 1 byte, Serial.available() will return 1, regardless ofhow many bytes may be present in the 2nd package, or how many bytes may be waiting in more packets still buffered by the PC's USB host controller. This code will not work on Teensy when the PC transmits the expected 11 byte messagein more than 1 USB packet. 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